- Mbkulik/mg Openbsd Mg Editor For Mac Pro
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Development openbsd programmers-editor programming same-keymap-as-emacs text-editor mg was added by lunolas in Sep 2017 and the latest update was made in Jun 2018. The list of alternatives was updated Dec 2017 There is a history of all activites on mg in our Activity Log.
Contents. General.
The.BSD systems are descendants of AT&T Unix (though non-free Unix code was removed) so they feel more like Unix than GNU/Linux. AT&T had cheaply licensed the code to universities including Berkeley where major enhancements such as TCP/IP was then developed.
The last BSD release from Berkeley had non-free code removed so more persons could use it. Today, the.BSD projects honor their ancestry putting BSD at the end of their names. The four big.BSD systems are free software and open source. While.BSD does use some copylefted GNU programs, most of.BSD is not copyleft, which leaves everyone free to make non-free versions of.BSD and distribute binaries without source code. However, some parts of.BSD have extra terms in the license that annoy some people, and which are not found in the GNU licenses. In particular, there was enough dislike for the 'advertising clause' (which requires marks on certain ads) that the Regents of the University of California removed it from their license; some other.BSD copyright holders still use the clause.
The core system, including kernel and userland, is maintained in one CVS tree. This is similar to OpenSolaris and OpenDarwin, but GNU/Linux programs and kernels are in separate trees, and the development trees of non-free Unix-like systems are normally not public. Compare:. DragonFly BSD. FreeBSD. NetBSD. OpenBSD.
OpenSolaris. OpenDarwin. The.BSD sources are stored in /usr/src/ and the kernel in /usr/src/sys/. The.BSD kernel and system programs are heavily integrated, and so must be upgraded together. Kernel.
Recall that a kernel is the interface between programs and hardware. Unix-like kernels provide device drivers and networking support and allow multiple users and programs to share the system. The.BSD kernel (often installed at '/bsd/') is monolithic, which means that it is one program in one memory-addressing space. Thus the kernel avoids forming and sending messages between parts of itself. DragonFly BSD is changing some of this. The original AT&T Unix and Linux are also monolithic, while mkLinux and the kernel of Mac OS X are modular.
The kernel is actually the original AT&T Unix with all of its files replaced. The BSD university project had added or replaced so much stuff (the VAX port, the networking features, the fast file system.) that.BSD projects could take the free parts and produce completely free kernels without needing a Unix license. A consequence of this is that the BSD kernel has a similar structure to commercial Unix kernels also descended from AT&T Unix.
The kernel contains a 'securelevel' feature which attempts to permanently restrict what all users (including root, the superuser) can do after a certain point in the boot process. The kernel boot messages (also visible with dmesg, on all Unix systems) are organized and shows where each device was detected. In contrast, the Linux drivers seem to give any boot messages that they feel like. The mounting and examining of '/proc' and '/sys', or the use of tools like 'lspci', is a better strategy on Linux. Userland. Recall that userland consists of all the software above the kernel.
This section describes the userland included with the base system. The programs in /bin/ and /sbin/ are statically linked. This is because /usr/ might not be mounted, so the shared library /usr/lib/libc.so cannot be used.
Static linking is when each program is in one file, without the need for other files (shared libraries) containing code shared by programs. The library code is copied into the programs. The main text editor in the base system is 'vi'. This is nvi included with BSD, and ultimately the original vi, and is not some other vi implementation such as vim. Actually, nvi is a clone of the original vi. The clone was necessary to remove some non-free Unix code.
OpenBSD also includes 'mg', an editor resembling Emacs 17 but without any free but copylefted GNU code. FreeBSD includes 'ee', the 'easy editor' with some similarities to and (both of which are in the ports tree, although nano is free software and pico isn't). Ports. There is a ports tree or packages tree originally from FreeBSD.
This consists of Makefiles that automate the downloading, extracting, patching, and building of software for.BSD. This is the main way of installing stuff that is not part of the base system. On NetBSD this is called pkgsrc. A unique feature of the pkgsrc tree is that it also works on other operating systems. DragonFly BSD also uses pkgsrc.
Thus installing a program is often two easy steps. First, type a 'cd' command to the directory containing the port (for example, /usr/ports/games/nethack/). Then, type a 'make install' command and wait for everything to finish. Building software takes a long time, so many prefer to use a binary package instead of a 'make install'. The system compiler is the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) with C, C, Objective C, and Fortran 77. By default, gcc does not look in /usr/local/ for header files and libraries; it only looks at the base system.
The base system can rebuild itself with gcc.
Here is a summary of all the options, grouped by type. Explanations are in the following sections. FRV Options -mgpr-32 -mgpr-64 -mfpr-32 -mfpr-64 -mhard-float -msoft-float -malloc-cc -mfixed-cc -mdword -mno-dword -mdouble -mno-double -mmedia -mno-media -mmuladd -mno-muladd -mfdpic -minline-plt -mgprel-ro -multilib-library-pic -mlinked-fp -mlong-calls -malign-labels -mlibrary-pic -macc-4 -macc-8 -mpack -mno-pack -mno-eflags -mcond-move -mno-cond-move -moptimize-membar -mno-optimize-membar -mscc -mno-scc -mcond-exec -mno-cond-exec -mvliw-branch -mno-vliw-branch -mmulti-cond-exec -mno-multi-cond-exec -mnested-cond-exec -mno-nested-cond-exec -mtomcat-stats -mTLS -mtls -mcpu= cpu. HPPA Options -march= architecture-type -mbig-switch -mdisable-fpregs -mdisable-indexing -mfast-indirect-calls -mgas -mgnu-ld -mhp-ld -mfixed-range= register-range -mjump-in-delay -mlinker-opt -mlong-calls -mlong-load-store -mno-big-switch -mno-disable-fpregs -mno-disable-indexing -mno-fast-indirect-calls -mno-gas -mno-jump-in-delay -mno-long-load-store -mno-portable-runtime -mno-soft-float -mno-space-regs -msoft-float -mpa-risc-1-0 -mpa-risc-1-1 -mpa-risc-2-0 -mportable-runtime -mschedule= cpu-type -mspace-regs -msio -mwsio -munix= unix-std -nolibdld -static -threads.
I386 and x86-64 Options -mtune= cpu-type -march= cpu-type -mfpmath= unit -masm= dialect -mno-fancy-math-387 -mno-fp-ret-in-387 -msoft-float -msvr3-shlib -mno-wide-multiply -mrtd -malign-double -mpreferred-stack-boundary= num -mmmx -msse -msse2 -msse3 -m3dnow -mthreads -mno-align-stringops -minline-all-stringops -mpush-args -maccumulate-outgoing-args -m128bit-long-double -m96bit-long-double -mregparm= num -msseregparm -mstackrealign -momit-leaf-frame-pointer -mno-red-zone -mno-tls-direct-seg-refs -mcmodel= code-model -m32 -m64 -mlarge-data-threshold= num. SH Options -m1 -m2 -m2e -m3 -m3e -m4-nofpu -m4-single-only -m4-single -m4 -m4a-nofpu -m4a-single-only -m4a-single -m4a -m4al -m5-64media -m5-64media-nofpu -m5-32media -m5-32media-nofpu -m5-compact -m5-compact-nofpu -mb -ml -mdalign -mrelax -mbigtable -mfmovd -mhitachi -mrenesas -mno-renesas -mnomacsave -mieee -misize -mpadstruct -mspace -mprefergot -musermode -multcost= number -mdiv= strategy -mdivsi3libfunc= name -madjust-unroll -mindexed-addressing -mgettrcost= number -mpt-fixed -minvalid-symbols. ZSeries Options See S/390 and zSeries Options.
For any given input file, the file name suffix determines what kind of compilation is done: file.c C source code which must be preprocessed. File.i C source code which should not be preprocessed. File.ii C source code which should not be preprocessed. File.m Objective-C source code. Note that you must link with the libobjc library to make an Objective-C program work. File.mi Objective-C source code which should not be preprocessed. File.mm file.M Objective-C source code.
Note that you must link with the libobjc library to make an Objective-C program work. Note that.M refers to a literal capital M. File.mii Objective-C source code which should not be preprocessed. File.h C, C, Objective-C or Objective-C header file to be turned into a precompiled header. File.cc file.cp file.cxx file.cpp file.CPP file.c file.C C source code which must be preprocessed. Note that in.cxx, the last two letters must both be literally x.
Likewise,.C refers to a literal capital C. File.mm file.M Objective-C source code which must be preprocessed. File.mii Objective-C source code which should not be preprocessed. File.hh file.H C header file to be turned into a precompiled header. File.f file.for file.FOR Fixed form Fortran source code which should not be preprocessed. File.F file.fpp file.FPP Fixed form Fortran source code which must be preprocessed (with the traditional preprocessor). File.f90 file.f95 Free form Fortran source code which should not be preprocessed.
File.F90 file.F95 Free form Fortran source code which must be preprocessed (with the traditional preprocessor). File.ads Ada source code file which contains a library unit declaration (a declaration of a package, subprogram, or generic, or a generic instantiation), or a library unit renaming declaration (a package, generic, or subprogram renaming declaration).
Such files are also called specs. File.adb Ada source code file containing a library unit body (a subprogram or package body). Such files are also called bodies.
File.s Assembler code. File.S Assembler code which must be preprocessed. Other An object file to be fed straight into linking. Any file name with no recognized suffix is treated this way. C c-header c-cpp-output c c-header c-cpp-output objective-c objective-c-header objective-c-cpp-output objective-c objective-c-header objective-c-cpp-output assembler assembler-with-cpp ada f95 f95-cpp-input java treelang -x none Turn off any specification of a language, so that subsequent files are handled according to their file name suffixes (as they are if -x has not been used at all).pass-exit-codes Normally the gcc program will exit with the code of 1 if any phase of the compiler returns a non-success return code. If you specify -pass-exit-codes, the gcc program will instead return with numerically highest error produced by any phase that returned an error indication. The C, C, and Fortran frontends return 4, if an internal compiler error is encountered.
If -o is not specified, the default is to put an executable file in a.out, the object file for source. Suffix in source.o, its assembler file in source.s, a precompiled header file in source. Suffix.gch, and all preprocessed C source on standard output.v Print (on standard error output) the commands executed to run the stages of compilation. Also print the version number of the compiler driver program and of the preprocessor and the compiler proper.### Like -v except the commands are not executed and all command arguments are quoted. This is useful for shell scripts to capture the driver-generated command lines.pipe Use pipes rather than temporary files for communication between the various stages of compilation. This fails to work on some systems where the assembler is unable to read from a pipe; but the GNU assembler has no trouble.combine If you are compiling multiple source files, this option tells the driver to pass all the source files to the compiler at once (for those languages for which the compiler can handle this).
This will allow intermodule analysis (IMA) to be performed by the compiler. Currently the only language for which this is supported is C.
If you pass source files for multiple languages to the driver, using this option, the driver will invoke the compiler(s) that support IMA once each, passing each compiler all the source files appropriate for it. For those languages that do not support IMA this option will be ignored, and the compiler will be invoked once for each source file in that language. If you use this option in conjunction with -save-temps, the compiler will generate multiple pre-processed files (one for each source file), but only one (combined).o or.s file.help Print (on the standard output) a description of the command line options understood by gcc. If the -v option is also specified then -help will also be passed on to the various processes invoked by gcc, so that they can display the command line options they accept. If the -Wextra option is also specified then command line options which have no documentation associated with them will also be displayed.target-help Print (on the standard output) a description of target specific command line options for each tool.version Display the version number and copyrights of the invoked GCC. @ file Read command-line options from file.
The options read are inserted in place of the original @ file option. If file does not exist, or cannot be read, then the option will be treated literally, and not removed. C89 iso9899:1990 ISO C90 (same as -ansi). Iso9899:199409 ISO C90 as modified in amendment 1. C99 c9x iso9899:1999 iso9899:199x ISO C99. Note that this standard is not yet fully supported; see for more information. The names c9x and iso9899:199x are deprecated.
Gnu89 Default, ISO C90 plus GNU extensions (including some C99 features). Gnu99 gnu9x ISO C99 plus GNU extensions.
When ISO C99 is fully implemented in GCC, this will become the default. The name gnu9x is deprecated.
C98 The 1998 ISO C standard plus amendments. Gnu98 The same as -std=c98 plus GNU extensions.
This is the default for C code. Besides declarations, the file indicates, in comments, the origin of each declaration (source file and line), whether the declaration was implicit, prototyped or unprototyped ( I, N for new or O for old, respectively, in the first character after the line number and the colon), and whether it came from a declaration or a definition ( C or F, respectively, in the following character). In the case of function definitions, a K&R-style list of arguments followed by their declarations is also provided, inside comments, after the declaration.fno-asm Do not recognize 'asm', 'inline' or 'typeof' as a keyword, so that code can use these words as identifiers. You can use the keywords 'asm', 'inline' and 'typeof' instead.ansi implies -fno-asm. GCC normally generates special code to handle certain built-in functions more efficiently; for instance, calls to 'alloca' may become single instructions that adjust the stack directly, and calls to 'memcpy' may become inline copy loops. The resulting code is often both smaller and faster, but since the function calls no longer appear as such, you cannot set a breakpoint on those calls, nor can you change the behavior of the functions by linking with a different library. In addition, when a function is recognized as a built-in function, GCC may use information about that function to warn about problems with calls to that function, or to generate more efficient code, even if the resulting code still contains calls to that function.
For example, warnings are given with -Wformat for bad calls to 'printf', when 'printf' is built in, and 'strlen' is known not to modify global memory. #define abs(n) builtinabs ((n)) #define strcpy(d, s) builtinstrcpy ((d), (s)) -fhosted Assert that compilation takes place in a hosted environment. This implies -fbuiltin. A hosted environment is one in which the entire standard library is available, and in which 'main' has a return type of 'int'.
Examples are nearly everything except a kernel. This is equivalent to -fno-freestanding.ffreestanding Assert that compilation takes place in a freestanding environment. This implies -fno-builtin.
A freestanding environment is one in which the standard library may not exist, and program startup may not necessarily be at 'main'. The most obvious example is an OS kernel. This is equivalent to -fno-hosted.fopenmp Enable handling of OpenMP directives '#pragma omp' in C/C and '!$omp' in Fortran.
When -fopenmp is specified, the compiler generates parallel code according to the OpenMP Application Program Interface v2.5.fms-extensions Accept some non-standard constructs used in Microsoft header files. Some cases of unnamed fields in structures and unions are only accepted with this option.trigraphs Support ISO C trigraphs.
The -ansi option (and -std options for strict ISO C conformance) implies -trigraphs.no-integrated-cpp Performs a compilation in two passes: preprocessing and compiling. This option allows a user supplied 'cc1', 'cc1plus', or 'cc1obj' via the -B option. The user supplied compilation step can then add in an additional preprocessing step after normal preprocessing but before compiling. The default is to use the integrated cpp (internal cpp). The semantics of this option will change if 'cc1', 'cc1plus', and 'cc1obj' are merged.traditional -traditional-cpp Formerly, these options caused GCC to attempt to emulate a pre-standard C compiler.
They are now only supported with the -E switch. The preprocessor continues to support a pre-standard mode. See the GNU CPP manual for details.fcond-mismatch Allow conditional expressions with mismatched types in the second and third arguments. The value of such an expression is void. This option is not supported for C.funsigned-char Let the type 'char' be unsigned, like 'unsigned char'.
Note that this is equivalent to -fno-unsigned-char, which is the negative form of -funsigned-char. Likewise, the option -fno-signed-char is equivalent to -funsigned-char.fsigned-bitfields -funsigned-bitfields -fno-signed-bitfields -fno-unsigned-bitfields These options control whether a bit-field is signed or unsigned, when the declaration does not use either 'signed' or 'unsigned'. By default, such a bit-field is signed, because this is consistent: the basic integer types such as 'int' are signed types. The default is version 2.fno-access-control Turn off all access checking.
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This switch is mainly useful for working around bugs in the access control code.fcheck-new Check that the pointer returned by 'operator new' is non-null before attempting to modify the storage allocated. This check is normally unnecessary because the C standard specifies that 'operator new' will only return 0 if it is declared throw, in which case the compiler will always check the return value even without this option. In all other cases, when 'operator new' has a non-empty exception specification, memory exhaustion is signalled by throwing 'std::badalloc'. See also new (nothrow).fconserve-space Put uninitialized or runtime-initialized global variables into the common segment, as C does. This saves space in the executable at the cost of not diagnosing duplicate definitions. If you compile with this flag and your program mysteriously crashes after 'main' has completed, you may have an object that is being destroyed twice because two definitions were merged.
This option is no longer useful on most targets, now that support has been added for putting variables into BSS without making them common.ffriend-injection Inject friend functions into the enclosing namespace, so that they are visible outside the scope of the class in which they are declared. Friend functions were documented to work this way in the old Annotated C Reference Manual, and versions of G before 4.1 always worked that way.
However, in ISO C a friend function which is not declared in an enclosing scope can only be found using argument dependent lookup. This option causes friends to be injected as they were in earlier releases. This option is for compatibility, and may be removed in a future release of G.fno-elide-constructors The C standard allows an implementation to omit creating a temporary which is only used to initialize another object of the same type. Specifying this option disables that optimization, and forces G to call the copy constructor in all cases.fno-enforce-eh-specs Don't generate code to check for violation of exception specifications at runtime. This option violates the C standard, but may be useful for reducing code size in production builds, much like defining NDEBUG.
This does not give user code permission to throw exceptions in violation of the exception specifications; the compiler will still optimize based on the specifications, so throwing an unexpected exception will result in undefined behavior.ffor-scope -fno-for-scope If -ffor-scope is specified, the scope of variables declared in a for-init-statement is limited to the for loop itself, as specified by the C standard. If -fno-for-scope is specified, the scope of variables declared in a for-init-statement extends to the end of the enclosing scope, as was the case in old versions of G, and other (traditional) implementations of C. The default if neither flag is given to follow the standard, but to allow and give a warning for old-style code that would otherwise be invalid, or have different behavior.fno-gnu-keywords Do not recognize 'typeof' as a keyword, so that code can use this word as an identifier.
You can use the keyword 'typeof' instead.ansi implies -fno-gnu-keywords.fno-implicit-templates Never emit code for non-inline templates which are instantiated implicitly (i.e. By use); only emit code for explicit instantiations.fno-implicit-inline-templates Don't emit code for implicit instantiations of inline templates, either. The default is to handle inlines differently so that compiles with and without optimization will need the same set of explicit instantiations.fno-implement-inlines To save space, do not emit out-of-line copies of inline functions controlled by #pragma implementation. This will cause linker errors if these functions are not inlined everywhere they are called.fms-extensions Disable pedantic warnings about constructs used in MFC, such as implicit int and getting a pointer to member function via non-standard syntax.fno-nonansi-builtins Disable built-in declarations of functions that are not mandated by ANSI/ISO C. These include 'ffs', 'alloca', 'exit', 'index', 'bzero', 'conjf', and other related functions.fno-operator-names Do not treat the operator name keywords 'and', 'bitand', 'bitor', 'compl', 'not', 'or' and 'xor' as synonyms as keywords.fno-optional-diags Disable diagnostics that the standard says a compiler does not need to issue. Currently, the only such diagnostic issued by G is the one for a name having multiple meanings within a class.fpermissive Downgrade some diagnostics about nonconformant code from errors to warnings. Thus, using -fpermissive will allow some nonconforming code to compile.frepo Enable automatic template instantiation at link time.
This option also implies -fno-implicit-templates.fno-rtti Disable generation of information about every class with virtual functions for use by the C runtime type identification features ( dynamiccast and typeid). If you don't use those parts of the language, you can save some space by using this flag. Note that exception handling uses the same information, but it will generate it as needed.
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The dynamiccast operator can still be used for casts that do not require runtime type information, i.e. Casts to 'void.' or to unambiguous base classes.fstats Emit statistics about front-end processing at the end of the compilation. This information is generally only useful to the G development team.ftemplate-depth- n Set the maximum instantiation depth for template classes to n.
A limit on the template instantiation depth is needed to detect endless recursions during template class instantiation. ANSI/ISO C conforming programs must not rely on a maximum depth greater than 17.fno-threadsafe-statics Do not emit the extra code to use the routines specified in the C ABI for thread-safe initialization of local statics. You can use this option to reduce code size slightly in code that doesn't need to be thread-safe.fuse-cxa-atexit Register destructors for objects with static storage duration with the 'cxaatexit' function rather than the 'atexit' function. This option is required for fully standards-compliant handling of static destructors, but will only work if your C library supports 'cxaatexit'.fno-use-cxa-get-exception-ptr Don't use the 'cxagetexceptionptr' runtime routine. This will cause 'std::uncaughtexception' to be incorrect, but is necessary if the runtime routine is not available.fvisibility-inlines-hidden This switch declares that the user does not attempt to compare pointers to inline methods where the addresses of the two functions were taken in different shared objects. Explicitly instantiated inline methods are unaffected by this option as their linkage might otherwise cross a shared library boundary.fno-weak Do not use weak symbol support, even if it is provided by the linker. By default, G will use weak symbols if they are available.
This option exists only for testing, and should not be used by end-users; it will result in inferior code and has no benefits. This option may be removed in a future release of G.nostdinc Do not search for header files in the standard directories specific to C, but do still search the other standard directories. (This option is used when building the C library.). In addition, these optimization, warning, and code generation options have meanings only for C programs: -fno-default-inline Do not assume inline for functions defined inside a class scope. Note that these functions will have linkage like inline functions; they just won't be inlined by default.Wabi (C only) Warn when G generates code that is probably not compatible with the vendor-neutral C ABI. Although an effort has been made to warn about all such cases, there are probably some cases that are not warned about, even though G is generating incompatible code. There may also be cases where warnings are emitted even though the code that is generated will be compatible.
Wctor-dtor-privacy (C only) Warn when a class seems unusable because all the constructors or destructors in that class are private, and it has neither friends nor public static member functions.Wnon-virtual-dtor (C only) Warn when a class appears to be polymorphic, thereby requiring a virtual destructor, yet it declares a non-virtual one. This warning is also enabled if -Weffc is specified.Wreorder (C only) Warn when the order of member initializers given in the code does not match the order in which they must be executed. For instance. When selecting this option, be aware that the standard library headers do not obey all of these guidelines; use grep -v to filter out those warnings.Wno-deprecated (C only) Do not warn about usage of deprecated features.Wstrict-null-sentinel (C only) Warn also about the use of an uncasted 'NULL' as sentinel. When compiling only with GCC this is a valid sentinel, as 'NULL' is defined to 'null'. Although it is a null pointer constant not a null pointer, it is guaranteed to of the same size as a pointer.
But this use is not portable across different compilers.Wno-non-template-friend (C only) Disable warnings when non-templatized friend functions are declared within a template. Since the advent of explicit template specification support in G, if the name of the friend is an unqualified-id (i.e., friend foo(int)), the C language specification demands that the friend declare or define an ordinary, nontemplate function. (Section 14.5.3).
Before G implemented explicit specification, unqualified-ids could be interpreted as a particular specialization of a templatized function. Because this non-conforming behavior is no longer the default behavior for G, -Wnon-template-friend allows the compiler to check existing code for potential trouble spots and is on by default. This new compiler behavior can be turned off with -Wno-non-template-friend which keeps the conformant compiler code but disables the helpful warning.Wold-style-cast (C only) Warn if an old-style (C-style) cast to a non-void type is used within a C program. The new-style casts ( dynamiccast, staticcast, reinterpretcast, and constcast) are less vulnerable to unintended effects and much easier to search for.Woverloaded-virtual (C only) Warn when a function declaration hides virtual functions from a base class. For example, in. Here is a list of options that are only for compiling Objective-C and Objective-C programs: -fconstant-string-class= class-name Use class-name as the name of the class to instantiate for each literal string specified with the syntax '@'.'
The default class name is 'NXConstantString' if the GNU runtime is being used, and 'NSConstantString' if the NeXT runtime is being used (see below). The -fconstant-cfstrings option, if also present, will override the -fconstant-string-class setting and cause '@'.' ' literals to be laid out as constant CoreFoundation strings.fgnu-runtime Generate object code compatible with the standard GNU Objective-C runtime. This is the default for most types of systems.fnext-runtime Generate output compatible with the NeXT runtime.
This is the default for NeXT-based systems, including Darwin and Mac OS X. The macro 'NEXTRUNTIME' is predefined if (and only if) this option is used.fno-nil-receivers Assume that all Objective-C message dispatches (e.g., 'receiver message:arg') in this translation unit ensure that the receiver is not 'nil'. This allows for more efficient entry points in the runtime to be used. Currently, this option is only available in conjunction with the NeXT runtime on Mac OS X 10.3 and later.fobjc-call-cxx-cdtors For each Objective-C class, check if any of its instance variables is a C object with a non-trivial default constructor. If so, synthesize a special '- (id).cxxconstruct' instance method that will run non-trivial default constructors on any such instance variables, in order, and then return 'self'.
Similarly, check if any instance variable is a C object with a non-trivial destructor, and if so, synthesize a special '- (void).cxxdestruct' method that will run all such default destructors, in reverse order. The '- (id).cxxconstruct' and/or '- (void).cxxdestruct' methods thusly generated will only operate on instance variables declared in the current Objective-C class, and not those inherited from superclasses. It is the responsibility of the Objective-C runtime to invoke all such methods in an object's inheritance hierarchy. The '- (id).cxxconstruct' methods will be invoked by the runtime immediately after a new object instance is allocated; the '- (void).cxxdestruct' methods will be invoked immediately before the runtime deallocates an object instance. As of this writing, only the NeXT runtime on Mac OS X 10.4 and later has support for invoking the '- (id).cxxconstruct' and '- (void).cxxdestruct' methods.fobjc-direct-dispatch Allow fast jumps to the message dispatcher.
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On Darwin this is accomplished via the comm page.fobjc-exceptions Enable syntactic support for structured exception handling in Objective-C, similar to what is offered by C and Java. This option is unavailable in conjunction with the NeXT runtime on Mac OS X 10.2 and earlier. Although currently designed to be binary compatible with 'NSHANDLER'-style idioms provided by the 'NSException' class, the new exceptions can only be used on Mac OS X 10.3 (Panther) and later systems, due to additional functionality needed in the (NeXT) Objective-C runtime.
As mentioned above, the new exceptions do not support handling types other than Objective-C objects. Furthermore, when used from Objective-C, the Objective-C exception model does not interoperate with C exceptions at this time. This means you cannot @throw an exception from Objective-C and 'catch' it in C, or vice versa (i.e., 'throw.